Mohamad Tavakoli Targhi

Orientalism & Occidentalism Spring 2004

Office

Room 121, North Building

Office Hours:

Tuesdays, 3:00-4:00

Contact

phone: 905-569-4959
E-mail: m.tavakoli@utoronto.ca

Course Description

The aim of this reading-, speaking-, and writing-intensive course is to engage students in ongoing historiographical debates in Europe, North America, and the Middle East concerning Orientalism and Occidentalism and the related fields of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies. Studies of Orientalism have often neglected the dialogical condition of Orientalism's emergence as a discipline. Edward Said's pioneering work, for instance, was grounded on the assumption that Orientalism "had no corresponding equivalent in the Orient." Viewing Orientalism as a "one way exchange," Said argued that it would be highly unlikely "to imagine a field symmetrical to it called Occidentalism." Bernard Lewis reached a similar conclusion when he argued that "there was a complete lack of interest and curiosity among Muslim scholars about what went on beyond the Muslim frontiers in Europe." Evaluating "Muslim scholarship about the West," he argued that "the awakening of Muslim interest in the West came much later, and was the result of an overwhelming Western presence." These shared observations, one by a leading critic of Orientalism and the other by a renowned Orientalist scholar, were based on the binary assumptions of "Oriental silence" and "Western writing."

However, this course probes the contemporaneous formation of modern Oriental Studies in Europe and the emergence of discourses on Europe (Ifranj/Farang) in the Middle East from the eighteenth century to the present. Special emphasis will be devoted to encounters between scholars in Western Europe, Iran, India, and the Ottoman Empire. This seminar-style course explains that Orientals gazed and returned the gaze, and in the process of "cultural looking," they, like their Occidental counterparts, exoticized and eroticized the Farangi-Other. In the interplay of looks between Orientals and Occidentals, there was no steady position of spectatorship, no objective observer, and no "aperspectival" position. As understood by Asad Khayat, the Lebanese companion of three Iranian princes who traveled to England in 1836, visitors and natives did not see things "with the same eyes." The field of vision and the making of meaning were perspectival, contestatory, and theatrical.

Oriental and Occidental scholars saw themselves being seen and represented the locals who described them. This conjunction of knowing subjects from different cultures, who gazed simultaneously at the other and exhibited the self, foregrounded the transformation of modern national identities. In these ambivalent encounters, the narrator-spectacles often fetishized the spectators and reduced them to visible signs of otherness. Through a process of projection and introjection, the visible features of the other became a locus for self-reflection and reconstruction for both Orientalist and Occidentalist narrators. In this conjoined process the other served as a vantage point for cultural mimicry and mockery, a representational processes that will be explored in this course.

All students are required to apply the critical approaches and concepts learned in this course to a final research project on the interplay of Orientalism and Occidentalism in, amongst others, history, literature, linguistics, archaeology, and the arts. You may explore the network of native scholars who worked with pioneering Orientalists like Anquetil-Duperron (1731-1805), Sir William Jones (1746-94), Max Muller (d. 1900), and Edward G. Browne. You may study the intersecting of Orientalist and nationalist historical narratives. You may choose to investigate key-concepts and images that constitute Orientalist and Occidentalist discourses at various historical conjunctures. Alternatively you may explore the historical transformation of academic departments devoted to the study of "the Orient" or "the Occident."

Course Requirements

1. Weekly summaries/analyses for a total of 6 one-page papers. These analyses should be made available to other students via the course bulletin board at least 48 hours prior to each class meeting.

2. Weekly critiques of your peers' position papers for a total of 6 one-page papers. Your critiques should be be posted on the course bulletin board at least 12 hours prior to each class meeting.

3. Small groups will lead weekly discussions on assigned readings. All students are expected to participate actively in class discussions. Failure to do so will have a detrimental effect on your grade!

4. One short memo-proposal describing your research paper due by 25 January 2005. This should be accompanied by a concise title and a one-page working bibliography identifying both primary and secondary sources. Total reliance on electronic materials is strongly discouraged.

5. A final research paper directed toward a professional audience other than the course instructor. Students are expected to present their papers in a public conference on 29 March 2005.

6. Students registered for this course are also required to participate in at least 4 sessions of university-wide seminars and/or public lectures related to Orientalism and Occidentalism. A short report of these sessions should be posted on the bulletin board

7. A writing portfolio consisting of your weekly summaries, critiques, proposal and bibliography, and the final research paper. Due 5 April 2005.

Grades

Students will be evaluated by attendance, quality participation in the course, and by the quality of their written works. Percentages will be assigned on this following basis:

1. Weekly summaries/analyses and critiques: 20%

2. Group presentations: 25%

3. Proposal and bibliography: 10%

4. Participation in university-wide seminars and public lectures: 10%

4. Research paper and conference presentation: 35%

Required Texts:

Electronic Course Packet.

Edward W. Said, Orientalism (New York: Vintage Books, 1979).

Preliminary Reading and Discussion Schedule

Week 1, January 4: Introduction to Epistemological and Historiographical Perspectives/Frames

Week 2, January 11: Orientalism and the Othe r

Required Readings:

Edward W. Said, Interview: Edward W. Said, Diacritics, Vol. 6, No. 3. (Autumn, 1976), pp. 30-47.

Johannes Fabian, Time and the Other: How Anthropology Makes its Object (New York: Columbia University Press, 1983), ix-35.

Nicholas Thomas, "Anthropology and Orientalism," Anthropology Today, Vol. 7, No. 2. (Apr., 1991), pp. 4-7.

Suggested Readings:

Kevin Walker, Orientalism and the "Other": Towards a New Anthropology of the Middle East.

Anouar Abdel-Malek. "Orientalism in Crisis." Diogenes 44 (Winter 1963): 103-140. Trans. J.W.C.

Edward W. Said; James Paul, Orientalism Revisited: An Interview with Edward W. Said, MERIP Middle East Report, No. 150, Human Rights and the Palestine Conflict. (Jan. - Feb., 1988), pp. 32-36.

Week 3, January 18: Debating Orientalism

Required Readings:

Gyan Prakash, Orientalism Now, History and Theory, Vol. 34, No. 3. (Oct., 1995), pp. 199-212.

Ning Wang, "Orientalism versus Occidentalism?" New Literary History, Vol. 28, No. 1, Special Issue: Cultural Studies: China and the West. (Winter, 1997), pp. 57-67.

Suggested Readings:

Fred Halliday, 'Orientalism' and Its Critics, British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 20, No. 2. (1993), pp. 145-163.

Wahid Akhtar, "Review of Jalal Al-i Ahmad's Occidentosis: A Plague From the West"

Clement Dodd, The Critique of Orientalism: A Review, Bulletin (British Society for Middle Eastern Studies), Vol. 6, No. 2. (1979), pp. 85-95.

Talal Asad; Roger Owen, The Critique of Orientalism: A Reply to Professor Dodd, Bulletin (British Society for Middle Eastern Studies), Vol. 7, No. 1. (1980), pp. 33-38.

Immanuel Wallerstein, "Eurocentrism and its Avatars: The Dilemmas of Social Science"

Rosalind Boyd, Emergant Intellectual Formations: Positioning Universities and Regional Cultures in a Post-Colonial Era

Raymond Schwab, The Oriental Renaissance: Europe's Rediscovery of India and the East, 1680-1880, trans. by G. Patterson-Black and V. Reinking (New York: Columbia University Press, 1984).

Maxime Rodinson, "The Western Image and Western Studies of Islam," in C. Bosworth and J. Schacht, The Legacy of Islam (Oxford, 1974), 9-62.

Week 4, January 25: Writing History and the West

Required Readings:

Johann Gottfried von Herder, "Materials for the Philosophy of the History of Mankind"

Friedrich von Schiller, "The Nature and Value of Universal History: An Inaugural Lecture [1789] (in Classics in the Philosophy of History)," History and Theory, Vol. 11, No. 3. (1972), pp. 321-334.

Immanuel Kant, "Idea for a Universal History from a Cosmopolitan Point of View" (1784)

Georg W. F. Hegel, "Introduction" and "The Philosophy of History: Classification of Historical Data" in The Philosophy of History, tans. J. Sibree (Bauffalo, NY: Prometheus Books, 1991), 1-110.

Edmund Burke III, "Orientalism and World History: Representing Middle Eastern Nationalism and Islamism in the Twentieth Century," Theory and Society, Vol. 27, No. 4, Special Issue on Interpreting Historical Change at the End of the Twentieth Century. (Aug., 1998), pp. 489-507.

Suggested Readings:

William A. Irwin, "The Orientalist as Historian," Journal of Near Eastern Studies, Vol. 8, No. 4. (Oct., 1949), pp. 298-309.

G. E. Von Grunebaum, "The Intellectual Problem of Westernization in the Self-View of the Arab World," in Modern Islam: The Search for Cultural Identity (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1962), 128-179.

Bernard Lewis, What Went Wrong?: Western Impact and Middle Eastern Response (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001).

Edmund Burke, III, Islamic History as World History: Marshall Hodgson, 'The Venture of Islam', International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 10, No. 2. (May, 1979), pp. 241-264.

Ronald Inden, Orientalist Constructions of India, Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 20, No. 3. (1986), pp. 401-446.

Saree Makdisi, Romatin Imperialism: Universal Empire and the Culture of Modernity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 1-22.

Roland G. Kent, "Linguistic Science and the Orientalist," Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 55, No. 2. (Jun., 1935), pp. 115-137.

Week 5, February 1: Comparative Linguistics

Required Readings:

Tuska Benes, "Comparative Linguistics as Ethnology: In Search of Indo-Germans in Central Asia, 1770-1830," in Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa, and the Middle East

Rosane Rocher, "Lord Monboddo, Sanskrit and Comparative Linguistics," Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 100, No. 1. (Jan. - Mar., 1980), pp. 12-17.

Mohamad Tavakoli-Targhi, Orientalism's Genesis Amnesia in Refashiopning Iran

Suggested Readings:

Jenny Sharpe, The Violence of Light in the Land of Desire; Or, How William Jones Discovered India, Boundary 2, Vol. 20, No. 1. (Spring, 1993), pp. 26-46.

Alun David, Sir William Jones, Biblical Orientalism and Indian Scholarship, Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 30, No. 1. (Feb., 1996), pp. 173-184.

Garland Cannon, Sir William Jones's Indian Studies, Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 91, No. 3. (Jul. - Sep., 1971), pp. 418-425.

Week 6, February 8: Art Orientalism

Required Readings:

Gerald Needham, "Orientalism in France (in Museum News)," Art Journal, Vol. 42, No. 4, The Crisis in the Discipline. (Winter, 1982), pp. 338-341. Stable URL:

Ivan D. Kalmar, "Moorish Style: Orientalism, the Jews, and Synagogue Architecture," Jewish Social Studies: History, Culture, and Society 7(3): 68-100, 2001.

Styles and Movements: Orientalism

Orientalist Art of the Nineteenth Century

Orientalism in Dress
Orientalism as Performance Art
Art Orientalism
Orientalism Posters
Orientalism and Musical Style
Concept of Westernization and the Role of Foreign Architecture in 19th Century Ottoman Architecture
Orientalism and the Question of Self-Identification

Suggested Readings:

Vladimir I. Braginsky, Rediscovering the 'Oriental' in the Orient and Europe: New Books on the East-West Cultural Interface: A Review Article
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Vol. 60, No. 3. (1997), pp. 511-532.

Ivan D. Kalmar, "The Houkah in the Harem: On Smoking and Orientalist Art"

Elaine Hadley, "Home as Abroad: Orientalism and Occidentalism in Early English Stage Melodrama"Ê TSLL 41.4 (Winter 1999): 330-50.

Matthew Bernstein and Gaylyn Studlar, Visions of The East: Orientalism in Film (New Brunswick, N.J., Rutgers UÊ Press, 1997).

Mark Crinson, Empire Building: Orientalism and Victorian Architecture (London/New York, Routledge, 1996).

Aphrodite Desiree Navab, "To Be Or Not to Be An Orientalist?: The Ambivalent Art of Antoin Sevruguin," Iranian Studies 35:1-3 (2002), 113-144.

Ali Behdad, "The Powerful Art of Qajar Photography: Orientalism and (Self)-Orietalizing in Nineteenth-Century Iran" Iranian Studies 34:1-4 (2001), 141-151.

Week 7, February 15: Reading Week!

Week 8, February 22: Europology
Required Readings:

Mohamad Tavakolu-Targhi, "Orientalism's Genesis Amnesia," in Refashioning Iran: Orientalism, Occidentalism and Historiography (Houndmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2001), 18-34.

Mohamad Tavakolu-Targhi, "Persianate Europology," in Refashioning Iran: Orientalism, Occidentalism and Historiography (Houndmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2001), 35-53.

Carter Vaughn Findley,"An Ottoman Occidentalist in Europe: Ahmed Midhat Meets Madame Gulnar," The American Historical Review 101:1 (1998), 15-49.

Suggested Readings:

Couze Venn, Occidentalism: Modernity and Subjectivity (London: Sage, 2000).

Week 9, March 1: Orientalism in Reverse

Required Readings:

Sadik Jalal al-'Azm, "Orientalism and Orientalism in Reverse," Khamsin, no.8 (1981), 5-26.

Mohamad Tavakolu-Targhi, "Imagining Western Women," in Refashioning Iran: Orientalism, Occidentalism and Historiography (Houndmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2001).

Jonathan Spencer, "Occidentalism in the East: The Uses of the West in the Politics and Anthropology of South Asia," in Occidentalism: Images of the West, ed. James Carrier (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995), 234-257.

Suggested Readings:

Wang Ning, "Orientalism vrsus Occidentalism," in New Literary History 28:1 (Winter 1997), 57-67.

James J. Napoli, "Desperately seeking Satan: Occidentalism and the Egyptian press," Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies (2001), 1-12.

Week 10, March 8: Occidentosis

Required Readings:

Jalal Al-Ahmad, [Gharbzadigi] Plagued by the West = (Gharbzadegi), trans. Paul Sprachman (Delmar, N.Y. : Center for Iranian Studies, Columbia University, 1982).

Jalal Al-Ahmad, [Gharbzadigi] Occidentosis : a plague from the West, translated by R. Campbell; Hamid Algar (Berkeley [Calif.] : Mizan Press, 1984).

Mehrzad Boroujerdi, "Other-ness, Orientalism, Orientalism in Reverse, and Nativism," in Iranian Intellectuals and the West: The Tormented Triumph of Nativism (Syracuse University Press, 1996), 1-19.

Week 11, March 15: Cultural Schizophernia

Required Readings:

Daryush Shayegan, Cultural Schizophernia: Islamic Societies Confronting the West (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1992).

Jenine Abboushi Dallal, "The Perils of Occidentalism: How Arab Novelists are Driven to Write for Western Readers." TLS: The Times Literary Supplement (April 24, 1998), 4960:9.

Nadje al-Ali, "Women's Activism and Occidentalism in Contemporary Egypt"

Suggested Readings:

Larbi Sadiki, "Occidentalism: The ÔWestÕ and ÔDemocracyÕ as Islamist Constructs," Orient 39 (January 1998), pp. 103-120.

Week 12, March 22: Writing Post-Orientalist Histories

Required Readings:

Fernando Coronil, "Beyond Occidentalism: Toward Nonimperial Geohistorical Categories," Cultural Anthropology, Vol. 11, No. 1. (Feb., 1996), pp. 51-87. Stable URL:

Gyan Prakash, "Writing Post-Orientalist Histories in the Third World: Perspectives from Indian Historigraphy," Comparative Studies in Society and History 32:2 (April 1990), 383-408.

Dipesh Chakrabarty, "Postcoloniality and the Artifice of History: Who Speaks for Indian Pasts?" Representations 37 (Winter 1992), 1-26.

Suggested Readings:

Sumit Sarkar, "Orientalism Revisited: Saidian Frameworks in the Writing of Modern Indian History," Oxford Literary Review 16, 1-2 (1994), 205-224.

Dipesh Chakrabarty, Provincializing Europe: Postcolonial Thought and Historical Difference (Princeton : Princeton University Press, 2000).

Ann Stoler, "Colonial Studies and the History of Sexuality," in Race and the Education of Desire: Foucault, History of Sexuality and the Colonial Ordder of Things (Durham: Duke University Press, 1995), 1-18.

Andrew J. Rotter, "Saidism without Said: Orientalism and U.S. Diplomatic History," The American Historical Review October 2000 (18 May 2003).

Martin Kramer, Ivory Towers and Sand: The Failure of Middle Eastern Studies in America (Washington, DC: The Washington Institute for Near Eastern Policy, 2001).

James Pasto, Islam's "Strange Secret Sharer": Orientalism, Judaism, and the Jewish Question (in Religion and Nations), Comparative Studies in Society and History, Vol. 40, No. 3. (Jul., 1998), pp. 437-474.

Gabriel Piterberg, "Domestic Orientalism: The Representation of 'Oriental' Jews in Zionist/Israeli Historiography," British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 23, No. 2. (Nov., 1996), pp. 125-145.

Week 13, March 29,

Orientalism and Occidentalism Conference

Week 14, April 5: Re-Orientations

Bibliographic Resources
on Orientalists and Orientalism

Aijaz Ahmad, "Orientalism and After: Ambivalence and Metropolitan Location in the Work of Edward Said," in In Theory: Classes, Nations, and Literatures (London: Verso, 1992).

Jalal Al-Ahmad, [Gharbzadigi] Occidentosis : a plague from the West, translated by R. Campbell; Hamid Algar (Berkeley [Calif.] : Mizan Press, 1984).

Jalal Al-Ahmad, [Gharbzadigi] Plagued by the West = (Gharbzadegi), trans. Paul Sprachman (Delmar, N.Y. : Center for Iranian Studies, Columbia University, 1982).

Nadje al-Ali, "Women's Activism and Occidentalism in Contemporary Egypt"

Malek Alloula, The Colonial Harem, trans. Myrna and Wlad Godzich (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1986).

Arthur John Arberry, Oriental essays; portraits of seven scholars (London, Allen & Unwin [1960]).

Sadik Jalal al-'Azm, "Orientalism and Orientalism in Reverse," Khamsin, no.8 (1981), 5-26.

Ali Behdad, Belated Travellers: Orientalism in the Age of Colonial Dissolution (Durham N.C./London, Duke U. Press, 1994).

Matthew Bernstein and Gaylyn Studlar, Visions of The East: Orientalism in Film (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers UÊ Press, 1997).

Kathleen Biddick, "Coming Out of Exile: Dante on the Orient(alism) Express," The American Historical Review 105.4 (2000): 40 pars.

Lisa Bloom, With Other Eyes: Looking at Race and Gender in Visual Culture (Minneapolis/London, UÊ of Minnesota Press, 1999).

Garland Hampton Cannon, The life and mind of Oriental Jones : Sir William Jones, the father of modern linguistics (Cambridge [England] ; New York : Cambridge University Press, 1990).

Garland Hampton Cannon, Sir William Jones, Orientalist, an annotated bibliography of his works (Honolulu : University of Hawaii Press, [1952]).

Dipesh Chakrabarty, "Postcoloniality and the Artifice of History: Who Speaks for Indian Pasts?," Representations 37 (Winter 1992), 1-26.

Robert Crews, "Empire and the Confessional State: Islam and Religious Politics in Nineteenth-Century Russia," The American Historical Review February 2003

Mark Crinson, Empire Building: Orientalism and Victorian Architecture (London/New York, Routledge, 1996).

Kate Currie, "The Challaenge to Orientalist, Elitist, and Western Historiography: Notes on the 'Subaltern Project', 1982-1989," Dialectical Anthropology 20:2 (1995), 217.

Jenine Abboushi Dallal, "The Perils of Occidentalism: How Arab Novelists are Driven to Write for Western Readers." TLS: The Times Literary Supplement (April 24, 1998), 4960:9.

Norman Daniel, Islam and the West : the making of an image (Revised edition; Oxford, Eng. : Oneworld, 1993).

Johannes Fabian, Time and the Other: How Anthropology Makes its Object (New York: Columbia University Press, 1983).

Carter Vaughn Findley,"An Ottoman Occidentalist in Europe: Ahmed Midhat Meets Madame GYlnar," The American Historical Review 101:1 (1998), 15-49.

Elaine Hadley, "Home as Abroad: Orientalism and Occidentalism in Early English Stage Melodrama" TSLL 41.4 (Winter 1999): 330-50.

Reza Hammami and Martina Rieker. "Feminist Orientalism and Orientalist Marxism," New Left Review 170 (July- August 1988): 93-106.

Thierry Hentsch, Imagining the Middle East (Montreal: Black Rose, 1992).

Michael Herzfeld, "Hellenism and Occidentalism: The Permutations in Greek Bourgeois Identity," in Occidentalism: Images of the West, ed. James Carrier (Oxford Clarendon Press, 1995), 218-233

Samuel P. Huntington, "Clash of Civilisations?" Foreign Affairs 72 (Summer 1993), 22-49.

Rana Kabbani, Europe's Myths of the Orient (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1986)

Ivan D. Kalmar, "Moorish Style: Orientalism, the Jews, and Synagogue Architecture," Jewish Social Studies: History, Culture, and Society 7(3): 68-100, 2001.

Ivan D. Kalmar, "The Houkah in the Harem: On Smoking and Orientalist Art"

Richard King, Orientalism and religion : postcolonial theory, India and 'the mystic East' (London ; New York : Routledge, 1999).

Martin Kramer, Ivory Towers and Sand: The Failure of Middle Eastern Studies in America (Washington, DC: The Washington Institute for Near Eastern Policy, 2001).

Suren Lalvani, "Consuming the Exotic Other." Critical Studies in Mass Communication 12 (September 1995):263-?

Bernard Lewis, Islam and the West (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1993).

Bernard Lewis, What Went Wrong?: Western Impact and Middle Eastern Response (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001).

Reina Lewis, Gendering Orientalism: Race, Femininity and Representation ( London, Routledge, 1996).

John M. MacKenzie, Orientalism: History, theory and the arts (Manchester/New York, Manchester U. Press, 1995).

Saree S. Makdisi. "The Empire Renarrated: Season of Migration to the North and the Reinvention of the Present," Critical Inquiry (1992)

Saree Makdisi, "Introduction: Universal Empire," in Romantic Imperialism Universal Empire and the Culture of Modernity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998).

Ussama Makdisi, "Ottoman Orientalism," The American Historical Review 107.3 (2002): 51 pars.

Billie Melman, WomenÕs Orients: English Women and the Middle East, 1718<ETH>1918 (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1992)

Timothy Mitchell, "Orientalism and the Exhibitionary Order" in Colonialism and Culture, ed. N. Dirks (1992)

Alan Nadel, "A Whole New (Disney) World Order: Aladdin, Atomic Power, and the Muslim Middle East" in Visions of the East: Orientalism in Film, ed. Matthew Bernstein and Gaylyn Studlar (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1997), 184-203

Laura Nader,1989. "Orientalism, Occidentalism, and the Control of Women," Cultural Dynamics 2:3 (1989), 323-355.

James J. Napoli, "Desperately seeking satan : occidentalism and the Egyptian press," Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies (2001), 1-12.

Wang Ning, "Orientalism vrsus Occidentalism," in New Literary History 28:1 (Winter 1997), 57-67.

Gyan Prakash, "Orientalism Now", History and Theory, 34:3 October 199), 199-212.

Gyan Prakash, "Writing Post-Orientalist Histories in the Third World: Perspectives from Indian Historigraphy," Comparative Studies in Society and History 32, 2 (April 1990) pp. 383-408.

Maxime Rodinson, Europe and the Mystique of Islam, trans. Roger Veinus (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1987).

Maxime Rodinson, "The Western Image and Western Studies of Islam," in C. Bosworth and J. Schacht, The Legacy of Islam (Oxford, 1974), 9-62.

Andrew J. Rotter, "Saidism without Said: Orientalism and U.S. Diplomatic History," The American Historical Review October 2000.

Larbi Sadiki, "Occidentalism: The 'West' and 'Democracy' as Islamist Constructs," Orient 39 (January 1998), pp. 103-120.

Yahya Sadowski, "The New Orientalism and the Democracy Debate," Middle East Report 183 (July-August 1993), pp. 14-21 & 40.

Daryush Shayegan, Cultural Schizophernia: Islamic Societies Confronting the West (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1992).

Edward W. Said, Covering Islam (New York: Pantheon Books, 1981).

Edward W. Said, Culture and Imperialism (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1993).

Edward W. Said, Orientalism (New York: Ventage Books, 1979).

Mohammad Sharafuddin, Islam and romantic orientalism: literary encounters with the Orient (London : New York : Tauris, 1994).

Sumit Sarkar, "Orientalism Revisited: Saidian Frameworks in the Writing of Modern Indian History," Oxford Literary Review 16, 1-2 (1994), 205-224.

Raymond Schwab, The Oriental Renaissance: Europe's Rediscovery of India and the East, 1680-1880, trans. by G. Patterson-Black and V. Reinking (New York: Columbia University Press, 1984).

Raymond Schwab, La Renaissance Orientale (Paris: Payot, 1950).

Denis Sinor, Orientalism & History (2d ed. Bloomington : Indiana University Press, [1970]).

Joseph Sramek, "Sir William Jones (1748-1794): The "Good" Orientalist?, Part I"

Joseph Sramek, "Sir William Jones (1748-1794): The "Good" Orientalist?, Part II"

Joseph Sramek, "Sir William Jones (1748-1794): The "Good" Orientalist?, Part III"

Joseph Sramek, "The Coming of Age of Imperialism (1772-1813), Part III"

Sara Suleri, The Rhetoric of British India (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992).

Mohamad Tavakolu-Targhi, Refashioning Iran: Orientalism, Occidentalism and Historiography (Houndmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2001).

Brian S. Turner, "Orientalism and the Problem of Civil Society in Islam," in Orientalism, Islam and Islamicists, ed. Asaf Hussaini, Robert Oslon and Jamil Qureichi (Brattleboro, VT: Amana Books, 1984), pp. 23-42.

Couze Venn, Occidentalism: modernity and subjectivity (London: Sage, 2000).

Stephen Vernoit, Occidentalism: Islamic art in the 19th century (New York : Nour Foundation in association with Azimuth Editions and Oxford University, 1997).

Griffin W Vyse, An Englishman in a Harem (London: Simpkin, Marshal and Co., 1887).

Robert Young, White Mythologies: Writing History and the West (New York: Routledge, 1990).

Immanuel Wallerstein, "Eurocentrism and its Avatars: The Dilemmas of Social Science"

W. Montgomery Watt, "Islam and European Self-Awareness," in The Influence of Islam on Medieval Europe (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1972), 72-84.

Films:

The Sheik (George Melford, 1921).

Lawrence of Arabia (David Lean, 1962).

Once Upon A Time Cinema (Mohsen Makhmalbaf, 1992).

Where is the FriendÕs Home? (Abbas Kiarostami, 1987).

Where is the FriendÕs Home? (Abbas Kiarostami, 1987) .

Malcolm X (Spike Lee, 1992).

Aladdin (Ron Clements and John Musker, 1992).

Internet Sources

PRINCETON
University Press
SEARCH:

Noble Dreams, Wicked Pleasures:
Orientalism in America, 1870-1930
Edited by Holly Edwards

Orientalism in Dress

Definitions

British Orientalism

Bernard Lewis, The West and the Middle East. (history of relations), Foreign Affairs, January 1997

Asiatic Society. Asiatick Researches. 1788-1839

Orientalists and the Middle East

Adam Olearius Moscowitische und Persianische Reisebeschreibung

A Tribute to Sir William Jones

Abraham-Hyacinthe Anquetil Du Perron, A Discovery of Two Foreign Sects: The Sect of the Parsees, the Ancient Inhabitants of Persia

The Romantic Circles Praxis Series

Orientalism and Musical Style

GENDER, RACE AND EMPIRE:
WESTERN TRAVELERS TO THE NON-WESTERN WORLD

Bibliographic Resources
on Orientalists and Orientalism

`Aqiqi, Najib. al-Mustashriqun / Najib al-`Aqiqi. Bayrut, [Matba`at al-Ittihad], 1937. (Buhr PJ 63 .A64)

-- al-Mustashriqun; bahth `an al-istishraq ladá jami` al- umam mundhu fajruh min alf `am ilá al-yawm / Najibal- `Aqiqi. [Cairo] Dar al-Ma`arif bi-Misr, [1947.] (Buhr PJ 63 .A64 1947)

`Azmah, `Aziz. Ibn Khaldun in modern scholarship : a study in orientalism / Aziz al-Azmeh. 1st ed. London : Third World Centre for Research and Pub., 1981. (D116.7.I13 A961 1981)

'Abd al-Karim, Ibrahim. al-Istishraq wa-abhath al-sira' lada Isra'il / Ibrahim 'Abd al-Karim. al-Tab'ah 1. 'Amman : Dar al-Jalil, 1993. (DS 119.7 .A13 K38)

Ackerman, Gerald M. American orientalists / Gerald M. Ackerman. (Orientalistes ; v.10.) Courbevoie : ACR, c1994. (ND 210 .A2511 1994 (FINE ARTS))

Ahmad, Laylá `Abd al-Latif. Edward W. Lane : a study of his life and works and of British ideas of the Middle East in the nineteenth century / by Leila Ahmed. London ; New York : Longman, 1978. (DS61.7.L26 A29)

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Saghir Muhammad Husayn. al-Mustashriqun wa-al-dirasat al-Qur'aniyah / Muhammd Husayn `Ali al-Saghir. al- Tab`ah 1. Bayrut : al-Mu'assasah al-Jamiyah lil-Dirasat wa-al-Nashr wa-al-Tawzi`, 1983. (BP170 .S25)

Said, Edward W. Orientalism / Edward W. Said. 1st ed. New York : Pantheon Books, c1978. (DS12 .S241 1978) [also Arabic transl: alIstishraq : al-ma'rifah, al-sultah, al-insha' / Idward W. Sa'id; naqalahu ilá al-'Arabiyah Kamal Abu Dib. Bayrut : Mu'assasat al-abhath al-'Arabiyah, 1981.]

-- Orientalism / Edward W. Said. 1st Vintage Books ed. New York : Vintage Books, 1979, c1978. (UNDERGRADUATE DS12 .S241 1979)

-- Power, politics, and culture : interviews with Edward W. Said / edited and with an introduction by Gauri Viswanathan. 1st ed. New York : Pantheon Books, c2001. (CB 18 .S25 A38 2001)

-- Ta`qibat `alá al-Istishraq / Idward Sa`id ; tarjamat wa- tahrir Subhi Hadidi. al-Tab`ah 1. Bayrut : al- Mu'assasah al-`Arabiyah lil-Dirasat wa-al-Nashr ; `Amman : Dar al-Faris, 1996. (DS 12 . S38)

Sardar, Ziauddin. Orientalism / Ziauddin Sardar. (Concepts in the social sciences) Buckingham [England ] ; Philadelphia : Open University Press, 1999. (DS 12 .S281 1999)

Schueller, Malini Johar, 1957-. U.S. orientalisms : race, nation, and gender in literature, 1790-1890 / Malini Johar Schueller. Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press, c1998. (810.9 S382us)

Shaban, Fuad, 1935-. Islam and Arabs in early American thought : roots of orientalism in America / Fuad Sha'ban. Durham, N.C. : Acorn Press, 1991. (DS 63.2 .U5 S331 1991)

Shalabi, `Abd al-Jalil `Abduh. Suwar istishraqiyah / li-`Abd al-Jalil `Abduh Shalabi. (Silsilat al-buhuth al- Islamiyah. al-sanah 10, al-kitab 1) [al-Qahirah] : al-Azhar, Majma` al-Buhuth al- Islamiyah, 1978. (Buhr BP172 .S466 1978)

Sharafuddin, Mohammed. Islam and romantic orientalism : literary encounters with the Orient / Mohammed Sharafuddin. London : New York : Tauris, 1994. (PR 149 .I8 S4411 1994; GL 821 S5317is)

Shaybani, Muhammad Sharif. al-Rasul fi al-dirasat al-istishraqiyah al-munsifah / Muhammad Sharif al-Shaybani. al-Tab`ah 1. Bayrut : Dar al-Hadarah al-`Arabiyah, 1988. (BP 75.3 .S52)

Simon, Róbert, 1939-. Ignác Goldziher : his life and scholarship as reflected in his works and correspondence / Róbert Simon. Budapest : Library of the Hungarian Academny of Sciences ; Leiden : Brill, 1986. (DS135.H93G6431 S68 1986)

Sinor, Denis. ed. Orientalism & history. 2d ed. Bloomington : Indiana University Press, [1970] (CB 253 .S62 1970)

Sir William Jones, 1746-1794 : a commemoration / edited by Alexander Murray ; with an introduction by Richard Gombrich. Oxford ; New York : Published on behalf of University College by Oxford University Press, 1998. (PJ 64 .J79 A324 1998)

Sovetskoe vostokovedenie : problemy i perspektivy / [redaktsionnaia kollegiia E.M. Primakov (predsedatel') ... et al.]. Moskva : Izd-vo "Nauka," Glav. red. vostochnoi lit-ry, 1988. (DS 61.9 .S65 S6611 1988)

Studies in Arab history : the Antonius Lectures, 1978-87 / edited by Derek Hopwood. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire : Macmillan in association with St. Antony's College, Oxford, and the World of Islam Festival Trust, 1990. (DS 37.7 .S82 1990)

Studies in Arab history : the Antonius Lectures, 1978-87 / edited by Derek Hopwood. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire : Macmillan in association with St. Antony's College, Oxford, and the World of Islam Festival Trust, 1990. (DS 37.7 .S82 1990)

Tavakoli-Targhi, Mohamad, 1957-. Refashioning Iran : Orientalism, Occidentalism, and historiography / Mohamad Tavakoli-Targhi. (St. Antony's series) England Palgrave (UK), UK 2001. (On Order/In Process)

Tchen, John Kuo Wei. New York before Chinatown : Orientalism and the shaping of American culture, 1776-1882 / John Kuo Wei Tchen. Baltimore, Md. : Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999. (No call number available: Ordered: 10/20/99)

Thompson, James. The East: imagined, experience, remembered : orientalist nineteenth century painting / James Thompson ; with an essay by David Scott. Dublin : N.G.I. / Walker Art Gallery, 1988. (FINE ARTS ND 457 .T4811 1988)

Thornton, Lynne. Women as portrayed in Orientalist painting / text by Lynne Thornton. (Orientalists ; v.3.) Paris : ACR Edition, 1985. (FINE ARTS ND1460.W65 T5411 1985)

Toomer, G. J. Eastern wisedome and learning : the study of Arabic in seventeenth-century England / G.J. Toomer. Oxford : Clarendon Press ; New York : Oxford University Press, 1995. (PJ 6068 .G7 T661 1996)

Turner, Bryan S. Marx and the end of Orientalism / Bryan S. Turner. (Controversies in sociology. 7) London ; Boston : Allen & Unwin, 1978. (HX550.I8 T951)

Versluis, Arthur James Ex oriente lux: American transcendentalism and the Orient. 1990, c1990. (SERIALS/ MICROFORMS DISS FILM 27982)

Visions of the East : orientalism in film / edited by Matthew Bernstein and Gaylyn Studlar. New Brunswick, N.J. : Rutgers University Press, c1997. (UGL PN 1995.9 .E95 V571 1997; GL 808.29 V833)

Walbridge, John. The wisdom of the mystic East : Suhrawardi and platonic orientalism / John Walbridge. (SUNY series in Islam) Albany : State University of New York Press, c2001. (B 753 .S84 W36 2001)

Wallach, Janet. Desert queen : the extraordinary life of Gertrude Bell, adventurer, adviser to kings, ally of Lawrence of Arabia / Janet Wallach. 1st ed. New York : Nan A. Talese/Doubleday, 1996. (DS 61.7 .B37 W351 1995)

William Robertson Smith Congress (1994 : University of Aberdeen) William Robertson Smith : essays in reassessment / edited by William Johnstone. (Journal for the study of the Old Testament. Supplement series ; 189) Sheffield, Eng. : Sheffield Academic Press, c1995. (BS 1161 .S55 J64 1994)

Women, men, and eunuchs : gender in Byzantium / edited by Liz James. London ; New York : Routledge, 1997. (HQ 1147 .B98 W651 1997)

Yegenoglu, Meyda. Colonial fantasies : towards a feminist reading of Orientalism / Meyda Yegenoglu. (Cambridge cultural social studies) Cambridge, U.K. ; New York : Cambridge University Press, 1998. (PN 98 .W64 Y451 1998)

Zakariya, Zakariya Hashim. al-Mustashriqun wa-al-Islam. Cairo: s.n., 1965. (BP 170 .Z22)

Zaqzuq, Mahmud Hamdi. al-Istishraq wa-al-khalfiyah al-fikriyah lil-sira' al-hadari / Mahmud Hamdi Zaqzuq. [Cairo] : Dar al-Ma'arif, 1997. (DS 35.62 .Z38)

American Orientalism in Action:

Max I. Baym, William Dwight Whitney and Ernest Renan: The Role of Orientalism in Franco-American Relations, Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 99, No. 2. (Apr. - Jun., 1979), pp. 225-234.

German Orientalism
Karl J. Fink, Goethe's West Ostlicher Div an: Orientalism Restructured, International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 14, No. 3. (Aug., 1982), pp. 315-328.

Dale Riepe, Emerson and Indian Philosophy, Journal of the History of Ideas, Vol. 28, No. 1. (Jan. - Mar., 1967), pp. 115-122.Joseph G. Rahme, Ethnocentric and Stereotypical Concepts in the Study of Islamic and World History, The History Teacher, Vol. 32, No. 4. (Aug., 1999), pp. 473-494.

David Lelyveld, Colonial Knowledge and the Fate of Hindustani, Comparative Studies in Society and History, Vol. 35, No. 4. (Oct., 1993), pp. 665-682.

Sandra Naddaf, Mirrored Images: Rifa'ah al- Tahtawi and the West:Introduction and Translation, Alif: Journal of Comparative Poetics, No. 6, Poetics of Place/Jumaliyat al-Makan. (Spring, 1986), pp. 73-83.

Kenneth Sandbank, Literary Representation and Social Legitimation:J. L. Burckhardt's Approach to "The Orient," International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 13, No. 4. (Nov., 1981), pp. 497-511.

James Morier, Some Account of the I'liyats, or Wandering Tribes of Persia, Obtained in the Years 1814 and 1815, Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, Vol. 7. (1837), pp. 230-242.Saree Makdisi, Romatin Imperialism: Universal Empire and the Culture of Modernity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 1-22.

Carter Vaughn Findley, An Ottoman Occidentalist in Europe: Ahmed Midhat Meets Madame Gulnar, 1889, The American Historical Review, Vol. 103, No. 1. (Feb., 1998), pp. 15-49.

Mary W. Blanchard, Boundaries and the Victorian Body: Aesthetic Fashion in Gilded Age America, The American Historical Review, Vol. 100, No. 1. (Feb., 1995), pp. 21-50.

Gyan Prakash, Orientalism Now, History and Theory, Vol. 34, No. 3. (Oct., 1995), pp. 199-212.

Jane Rendall, Scottish Orientalism: From Robertson to James Mill, The Historical Journal, Vol. 25, No. 1. (Mar., 1982), pp. 43-69.